History of Religion in Kerala Part II - Entry of Buddhism (From the book by A Sreedharan Menon)

Like Buddhism, Jainism is also believed to have entered in Kerala by 3rd Century BC.

In the Sangam age, Buddhism was prominent in  Chola, Chera, and Pandya countries. The Buddhist missionaries made arrangements in their own countries for the treatment of people and animals, suffering from diseases. By 3rd century, during the reign of Asoka, some of the missionaries traveled to south India to spread Buddhist teachings. This made the entry of Buddhism to Kerala.

Archaeologists have found a large number of Buddha images from Durga temple at Paruvasseri (21 miles from Thrissur), Kunnatur and Karunagapally of  Kollam District,  and Ambalapuzha taluk of Alleppey.

As per historian Jayaprakash, Kollam district of Kerala was the citadel of Buddhism.

Kurumba Bhaghavaty temple in Kodungallur (Cranganore) is believed to have been a Buddhist shrine once.

Mulavasam was once a known Buddhist pilgrim center in Kerala. The location of this place is unknown. The place is ruined and there is more or less evidence existing for the same.

A Buddha statue was discovered in Karumadi, a place in Alappuzha (Alleppey). The statue is believed to be of 9th-14th century and is named as Karumadikuttan. Karumadi the place name and Kuttan meaning boy in Malayalam.

Karumadikuttan - half of the statue is missing, is believed to be destroyed by an elephant. There is also a story that the statue was destroyed by a Mughal emperor to avoid spreading of Buddhism in Kerala.
Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rejithakazhy/5067924772 

Influence of Buddhism on Kerala Temples and Traditions

The images, processions, utsavam, etc in Hindu temples is believed to be a legacy of Buddhism. For example, kettukazcha or kutirakettu in Alleppey - Kollam districts.

The Sastha Ayyappan, Hindu deity that is prominent in Kerala is believed to be a Hindu-ised version of Buddha. The Buddhist influences in the Ayyappa shrine,  pilgrims observing fasting, non-violence, vegetarianism,  abstinence from worldly pleasures during the Ayyappa temple visit in Sabarimala are considered to be the inspiration from Buddhist teachings and principles.  The chanting ‘sharanam ayyappa’ is proved to be  inspired from the saranam formula of Buddha.

The location of Sastha temples of Kerala location is mostly in the interior of forests. This is compared with the Buddhist’s monastery places which are also located far away from the mainstream crowd.  Example, Sabarimala Achankovil, and Aryankavu .

Some studies also point out the resemblance between postures of Buddha and Sastha.

Impact of Buddhism on Ayurveda

 Ashtanga Hridaya written by Vaghbhatta Buddhist scholar is considered to be the bible for Ayurveda.

Impact of Buddhism on Education

Wherever existed, Buddhists missionaries were active in spreading literacy and education across . The Buddhist monasteries, known as the Viharas were turned into educational institutes as the demand went high for Buddhist teachings, These were called ‘Palli’ in Kerala. Ezhuthupalli, that were run later near Hindu temples are considered to be school legacy of Viharas.

The schools that were set up near to the temples were called as Ezhuthupalli.

Even now the schools in Kerala are called as Pallikoodam in Malayalam.

Impact of Buddhism on Artists

Prominent poet MahakaviKumaran Asan’s famous writings such as Chandala Bikshuki and Budha Charitham are inspired from Buddhism.

  

Decline of Buddhism

 The decline of Buddhism started from the 8th century AD (same time when Jainism also started its decline). Many pieces of research point  Shankaracharya the Hindu philosopher, as one of the reasons behind the decline of popularity of Buddhism in Kerala. The matter has been debated much by researchers and has raised many controversies around.

Shankaracharya spread the Hindu philosophy through Advaita Vedanta that depicted Hindu philosophy and practices. It is believed that Shankaracharya held and won many debates on Hindu and Buddhist ideologies. This is considered to be the main factor that increased the popularity of Hinduism and resulted in the decline of Buddhism. 

Information Source: 

1. A Survey of Kerala History, 
2. Wiki
3. http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/getting-around-kerala/karumadikuttan-buddhism-alappuzha.html

History of Religion in Kerala - Part 1 (From the book by A Sreedharan Menon)

Nature Worship

• People from ancient Kerala followed Dravidian practices that were not based on any particular religion.
•  Main worship activities included worship of nature and worship of objects or animals that are believed to have spiritual significance.
• In the Sangam age (3rd Century BC to 4th Century AD), both Chera kings and their followers were believed to be worshippers of War goddess Kottavai.
• Early Dravidians  believed in ancestor-worship.
• Tree worship was also common and Banyan tree was treated as the home of gods.
• No evidence of Naga or Ganapati worship was evident  in the Sangam age.

Entry of Jainism (321-297 BC)

• Jainism, Buddhism, and Brahmanism entered Kerala prior to the beginning of Christian era.
• It is believed that Jainism got introduced to South India through Chandragupta Maurya when he left his throne in the 25th year of his reign and reached Mysore with a Jain monk.
• His followers visited other parts of South India and were in search for a peaceful place for Meditation and under these circumstances, Jainism got introduced in Kerala.
• Several Jain temples in Kerala were built at  that time in places like Mathilakam, Perumbavoor and is believed to be converted to Hindu Temples later on. 
• Most of the Bhagavati temples in Kerala now are considered to be evolved from Jain centres.
• Influence of Jain architecture is visible on mosques in Malabar too. E.g.  Thalankara mosque.
• Jainism started to decline by 8th century A.D when Shaivism (Shiva worship) and Vaishnavism (Vishnu worship) movement started.